Kwartalnik Edukacja numer 01/2025

DOI: 10.24131/3724.250102

Abstract

Although average differences in mathematical performance between men and women are generally small or statistically insignificant, these outcomes are strongly influenced by socio-cultural factors rather than innate ability (OECD, 2020; Hyde, 2014; Else-Quest et al., 2010).This article presents a four-dimensional theoretical model of factors shaping students’ educational preferences in the context of STEM. Rather than attributing engagement in STEM solely to mathematical ability, the model emphasizes the interplay of motivational, identity-related, socio-cultural, and contextual influences—such as gender, teaching practices, and family attitudes—within which mathematical self-efficacy plays an important but not exclusive role. Particular attention is paid to the role of gender stereotypes in the perception of mathematical abilities, the influence of creative teaching strategies on interest in science and the importance of expectancy- value theory (EVT) in shaping educational decisions. The article emphasizes the need for further research on these factors, especially in the Polish educational context, where traditional beliefs about the division of gender roles in science persist.

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DOI: 10.24131/3724.250103

Abstract

Narcissism is a multifaceted construct – meaning that one can be narcissistic in various ways, and narcissism can differently impact interpersonal interactions. However, until now, it has not been studied how narcissism influences behavior in relation to the sex of the person with whom contact is made. This study attempts to assess whether interactions with same-sex and opposite-sex individuals induce specific kinds of narcissistic behaviors. To answer this question, first-year high school students were examined (N = 648; n = 403 females; M = 14.30; SD = 0.56). The students completed a shortened version of the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, in which the instructions were modified to examine behaviors separately in relation to female and male classmates. The results of the dependent sample t-tests showed that women more often use admiration strategy towards other women, while men more frequently use rivalry strategy towards other men. No differences were noted in the case of rivalry strategy among women and admiration strategy among men. These results indicate that the sex of the person being interacted with is a significant factor determining the type of narcissistic behaviors displayed.

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